Are 90% of goods transported by sea?

The Ocean’s Grip: Why 90% of Global Trade Still Rides the Waves

The sheer scale of global trade is often hard to grasp. We interact daily with products from around the world, rarely pausing to consider the intricate logistics that brought them to our shelves. Central to this intricate web is maritime transport, the silent giant shouldering the vast majority of international trade. While the often-cited figure of 90% might seem astonishing, a closer look reveals why the ocean remains the undisputed king of cargo.

It’s true: approximately 90% of global trade, by volume, travels by sea. This dominance boils down to a compelling combination of factors, primarily cost-effectiveness and sheer capacity. Massive cargo ships, some capable of carrying over 20,000 twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs), offer unparalleled economies of scale. Transporting goods by sea, while slower than air freight, dramatically reduces the cost per unit, making it the only viable option for many businesses, especially those dealing in high-volume, low-margin commodities.

Consider the sheer diversity of goods traversing the oceans. The brightly coloured containers stacked high on deck often contain manufactured goods: electronics, clothing, furniture, and countless other consumer products. Below deck, and in specialized vessels, lie the bulk commodities that fuel our world. Crude oil and petroleum products form a significant portion, ensuring the energy needs of nations. Grains, ores, and other raw materials also travel in vast quantities, feeding industries and populations across the globe.

While containerized shipping provides the flexibility and speed needed for many supply chains, the movement of unpackaged bulk goods remains crucial. Giant tankers and bulk carriers transport immense quantities of essential resources, often directly from source to processing facility. This segment of maritime trade, while less visible to the average consumer, underpins global economic activity.

However, the maritime industry’s reliance on fossil fuels presents significant environmental challenges. Emissions from shipping contribute to air pollution and climate change. The industry is actively exploring sustainable solutions, including alternative fuels and more efficient vessel designs, to mitigate its environmental impact.

Looking ahead, the ocean’s grip on global trade is unlikely to loosen anytime soon. While advancements in other modes of transport, such as rail and air freight, offer niche solutions, the sheer volume and cost advantages of seaborne trade ensure its continued dominance. The ongoing development of port infrastructure and the increasing sophistication of logistics technologies will further enhance the efficiency and reach of maritime transport, solidifying its position as the backbone of global commerce. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st-century economy, the silent hum of ships plying the oceans will continue to be the soundtrack of international trade.